Presentation Notes and References
Article Index
4. Morphology
6. Reproduction
7. Sharks most likely seen by Divers in Fiji
18. Ecology
19. Sharks in Peril
20. What can be done?
2. Sharks
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark
• Marine
• Carnivores: Predators, Filter Feeders and Scavengers
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnivorous
• Cartilaginous Skeleton
• Body compressed laterally
• 5-7 lateral Gills
3. Taxonomy
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy
• Vertebrates
• Chondrichthyes
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyes
Sharks
Among many Orders:
CARCHARHINIFORMES (GROUND SHARKS)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcharhiniformes
ORECTOLOBIFORMES (CARPET SHARKS)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orectolobiformes
LAMNIFORMES (MACKEREL SHARKS)
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamniformes
APPROX. 400 SPECIES
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sharks
RECORDS
• http://www.new-brunswick.net/new- brunswick/sharks/facts.html
4. Morphology
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(biology)
• http://www.marinebiodiversity.ca/shark/english/spiracle.htm
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dermal_denticle
• http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/caudal_keel
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nictitating_membrane
5. Physiology
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology
Senses
• http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/sharks/anatomy/Senses.shtml
• http://www.elasmodiver.com/shark_senses.htm
• http://www.milton.edu/academics/pages/marinebio/shark.html
Smell
• http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/s_nose.htm
• http://www.sharkinfo.ch/SI3_99e/noses.html
Vision
•http://www.elasmoresearch.org/education/white_shark/vision.htm
Electroreception
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroreception
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini
Lateral Line
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line
Osmoregulation
•http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Osmoregulation/Osmoregulation.htm
Freshwater Tolerance
•http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/Zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Osmoregulation/Osmoregulation.htm
•http://www.pewoceanscience.org/publications/files/papers/HammerschlagReview.pdf
• http://www.aquaticcommunity.com/sharkfish/freshwatersharks.php
• http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_fw_rays.htm
Buoyancy
• http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/sharks/anatomy/Liver.shtml
•http://www.wildlifeonline.me.uk/questions_answers_elasmobranch.html
Body Temperature
• http://www.sharkology.com/temp.html
• http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/p_body_temp.htm
• http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/topics/p_warm_body_1.htm
6. Reproduction
• http://www.sharkology.com/temp.html
• http://www.discoverychannel.co.uk/sharks/reproduction/index.shtml
•http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/sharks/anatomy/Repro.shtml
Internal Fertilization
Birth
• Ovipary
• Vivipary
• Aplacental Viviparity (Ovoviviparity)
• Placental Viviparity
Vulnerabilities
• http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/1999/11/sharks-beware/2
• http://www.americanscientist.org/include/popup_fullImage.aspx?key=Gl6eDNCARJn/0//Ghqehximi3VWiQj7u-
• Late Maturity
• Small Litter Size
7. Sharks most likely seen by Divers in Fiji
• Whale Shark
• Tiger Shark
• Bull Shark
• Hammerhead Sharks
• Grey Reef Shark
• Leopard Shark
• Silvertip Shark
• Whitetip Reef Shark
• Tawny Nurse Shark
• Sicklefin Lemon Shark
8. Whale Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark
9. Tiger Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_shark
10. Bull Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_shark
11. Sicklefin Lemon Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicklefin_lemon_shark
12. Silvertip Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvertip_shark
13. Tawny Nurse Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawny_nurse_shark
14. Zebra Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_shark
15. Blacktip Reef Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktip_reef_shark
16. Hammerhead Sharks
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerhead_sharkScalloped Hammerhead
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalloped_hammerheadGreat Hammerhead
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_hammerhead
17. Grey Reef Shark
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_reef_shark
18. Ecology
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology
Many Ecological Niches
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_niche
The Role of predatory Sharks
• http://www.oceana.org/sharks/media/oceana-publications/predators-as-prey/
• Essential Threads in Web of their Habitats
• Often, Apex Predators
• Maintain Health & Structure of Marine Ecosystems, by:
• weeding out the Sick and the Weak
• controlling the Population Sizes of their Prey
The Value of Sharks
•http://www.oceana.org/fileadmin/oceana/uploads/destructive_trawling/dive/sea_the_value/SeaTheValue_Final_web.pdf
19. Sharks in Peril
• http://www.oceana.org/sharks/media/oceana-publications/end-of-the-line/
IUCN: 79 Species critically imperiled
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Conservation_Union
• http://www.iucnredlist.org/static/categories_criteria_3_1
•http://www.theprovince.com/technology/Atlantic+sharks+risk+over+fishing+study/976868/story.html
80-100 Million per Year
• http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15020727/-
80%-99% of Stocks of oceanic Species wiped out
• http://wildsingaporenews.blogspot.com/2008/05/majority-of-oceanic-shark-species-face.html
• http://www.pewtrusts.org/news_room_detail.aspx?id=22874
Main Threats
Habitat Destruction
Overfishing
• 80-100 Million per Year
• http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15020727/
Shark Fin Soup
• http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/species/news/stories/?105060
•http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/12/10/pip.shark.finning/index.html
• http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/43159/newsDate/19-Jul-2007/story.htm-
Bycatch
• http://www.pacfish.org/sharkcon/documents/bonfil.html
Devastating Techniques
– Longlines
•http://ecosystempreservation.suite101.com/article.cfm/sharks_harmed_by_long_line_fishing
• http://www.oceana.org/sharks/threats/bycatch/longlines/
-Driftnets
• http://www.fao.org/fishery/fishtech/1093
• http://www.sharkinfo.ch/SI2_00e/mexico.html
• http://archive.greenpeace.org/majordomo/index-press-releases/1999/msg00187.html
– Shark Nets and Drumlines
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark_net
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_lines
• http://www2.dpi.qld.gov.au/fishweb/2920.html
• http://www.theunderwaterchannel.tv/faces/mark/of-shark-nets-and-baited-drumlines-in-kwazulunatal-south-africa/
– Finning
• http://www.sharkfriends.com/sharks/sharkfinning.html
• http://www.sharktrust.org/content.asp?did=26881
• http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/the-expedition/news/shark-fin-mystery
20. What can be done?
• Abrogating/Replacing Shark Fin Soup
• Conducting Shark Awareness Courses
• Obtaining Protection for threatened Species
• Solving the problem of the Drum-lines and Shark Nets
• Total Allowable Catch (TAC)
• Promoting Marine Protected Areas.
• Practice tag and release